Abstract Background: Vitiligo is a muco-cutaneous, autoimmune, localized, or disseminated disease, which manifests through hypochromic or achromic macules, with loss in quality of life. The prevalence of vitiligo in Brazil was determined to be 0.54%. There is no on-label medication for its treatment. To date, no Brazilian consensus on the treatment of vitiligo had been written. Objectives: The objective of this group of Brazilian dermatologists with experience in the treatment of this disease was to reach a consensus on the clinical and surgical treatment of vitiligo, based on articles with the best scientific evidence. Methods: Seven dermatologists were invited, and each was assigned two treatment modalities to review. Each treatment (topical, systemic, and phototherapy) was reviewed by three experts. Two experts reviewed the surgical treatment. Subsequently, the coordinator compiled the different versions and drafted a text about each type of treatment. The new version was returned to all experts, who expressed their opinions and made suggestions for clarity. The final text was written by the coordinator and sent to all participants to prepare the final consensus. Results/Conclusion: The experts defined the following as standard treatments of vitiligo: the use of topical corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors for localized and unstable cases; corticosteroid minipulse in progressive generalized vitiligo; narrowband UVB phototherapy for extensive forms of the disease. Surgical modalities should be indicated for segmental and stable generalized vitiligo. Topical and systemic anti-JAK drugs are being tested, with promising results.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease that manifests predominantly in the skin, although systemic involvement may also occur. Although associated comorbidities have long been recognized and despite several studies indicating psoriasis as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events, little has been done in general medical practice regardind screening. In the United States, less than 50% of clinicians are aware of these recommendations. OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of these comorbidities in 296 patients followed up at a university dermatology clinic. METHODS: Systematically investigated comorbidity frequencies were compared with general practitioners' registry frequencies. Clinical features correlated with comorbidities were also investigated. RESULTS: High prevalences of systematically investigated comorbidities such as hypertension (30%) and dyslipidemia (26.5%) were documented. Conversely, data from general practitioners' records showed that 33% of dyslipidemia cases were undiagnosed and indicated possible underdiagnosis of some comorbidities. Furthermore, an association was found between: the number of comorbidities and psoriasis duration, age and high body mass index an association was found between the number of comorbidities and psoriasis duration, age, high body mass index, waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio. (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Disease duration, age and high body mass index, waist circumference or waist-to-hip ratio are possible criteria for choosing which patients should be screened for comorbidities. Underdiagnosis of comorbidities by general practitioners highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach in psoriasis management.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The current options for the treatment of acne vulgaris present many mechanisms of action. For several times, dermatologists try topical agents combinations, looking for better results. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy, tolerability and safety of a topical, fixed-dose combination of adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel for the treatment of acne vulgaris in the Brazilian population. METHODS: This is a multicenter, open-label and interventionist study. Patients applied 1.0 g of the fixed-dose combination of adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel on the face, once daily at bedtime, during 12 weeks. Lesions were counted in all of the appointments, and the degree of acne severity, overall improvement, tolerability and safety were evaluated in each visit. RESULTS: From 79 recruited patients, 73 concluded the study. There was significant, fast and progressive reduction of non-inflammatory, inflammatory and total number of lesions. At the end of the study, 75.3% of patients had a reduction of >50% in non-inflammatory lesions, 69.9% in inflammatory lesions and 78.1% in total number of lesions. Of the 73 patients, 71.2% had good to excellent response and 87.6% had satisfactory to good response. In the first week of treatment, erythema, burning, scaling and dryness of the skin were frequent complaints, but, from second week on, these signals and symptoms have reduced. CONCLUSION: The fixed-dose combination of adapalene 0.1% and benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel is effective, safe, well tolerated and apparently improves patient compliance with the treatment.

BACKGROUND:Psoriasis is a chronic immune-mediated disease, characterized by increased levels of TNFα. Anti-TNFα agents have revolutionized the treatment of severe psoriasis by targeting an important molecule involved in its pathogenesis.OBJECTIVES:We report the experience of a state referral center that uses anti-TNFα agents for psoriasis.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective case series. Seventy-four out of 120 patients met the inclusion criteria. Clinical and laboratory data was analyzed using the chi-squared, Wicoxon and McNemar's tests. Associations were considered statistically significant when p-value<0.05.RESULTS:Forty-one subjects (55.40%) were male, with a mean age of 47.69±14.99 years. Median disease duration and pre-treatment PASI were 14.0 months (IQR 9.0-20.0), and 13.55 points (IQR 8.5-20.32). Sixty patients (81.10%) had arthropathic psoriasis. Forty-six subjects (62.20%) had comorbidities; the most frequent was dyslipidemia (25.70%). In 55.40% of patients, insufficient response to conventional therapies was the principal indication for using anti-TNFα drugs. Clinical improvement occurred in 93.20% of cases, and the post-treatment PASI median was 0.0 points (IQR 0.0-0.0). Adverse effects occurred in 6.80% of patients. Infections and elevation of transaminases occurred in 28.40% and 8.10% of cases, respectively.CONCLUSION:Post-treatment reduction in PASI was satisfactory and the occurrence of adverse effects was minor, mostly mild infusion effects and local reactions at drug administration sites.

A epidermólise bolhosa hereditária (EBH) compreende um grupo heterogêneo de desordens genéticas que têm em comum a fragilidade cutânea e, em alguns casos mucosa, predispondo ao desenvolvimento de bolhas e/ou erosões após fricção ou trauma mínimo. Crianças com história recorrente deste tipo de lesão ou neonatos que as apresentem na ausência de outra explicação plausível devem ser investigados. O diagnóstico deve se basear em achados clínicos e histopatológicos. Até o presente momento, o manejo da EBH consiste basicamente em evitar os traumas desencadeadores das lesões, bem como evitar a infecção e facilitar a cicatrização das feridas com o uso sistemático de curativos.

Inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders that present with skin and, in some cases, mucosal fragility, predisposing patients to the development of blisters and/or erosions after minimal trauma or friction. Children with a recurrent history of these kinds of lesions or neonates that present them in the absence of another reasonable explanation should be investigated. Diagnosis must be based on clinical and histopathological findings. To date, management of inherited EB basically consists in avoiding traumas that trigger lesions, as well as preventing infection and facilitating healing of the wounds with the systematic use of bandages.

Psoríase é uma doença sistêmica, crônica, imunologicamente mediada, com importante influência genética e ambiental, que afeta 1 à 3% da população mundial. Nos últimos anos, a relação da psoríase com diferentes comorbidades, em especial a síndrome metabólica, tornou-se extremamente relevante. A uveíte é caracterizada por um processo de inflamação intra-ocular resultante de várias causas. Considerando a psoríase e a uveíte como doenças imunologicamente mediadas, o presente trabalho visa avaliar a possível associação da psoríase e/ou artrite psoriática com a uveíte e seus subtipos. Poucos são os estudos que avaliam a associação de uveíte e psoríase sem comprometimento articular. Parece que a psoríase sem artropatia não seria um fator de risco para desenvolvimento de uveíte. A uveíte tende a desenvolver mais frequentemente em pacientes com artropatia ou psoríase pustulosa que em outras formas de psoríase. Avaliação oftalmológica deve ser feita periodicamente em pacientes com psoríase, proporcionando ao paciente um diagnóstico precoce da oftalmopatia e a instituição de tratamento adequado com anti-inflamatórios não hormonais ou drogas imunomoduladoras, no intuito de evitar a perda da visão nos pacientes com psoríase e uveíte.

Psoriasis is a systemic, chronic, immunologically mediated disease, with significant genetic and environmental influences. It affects from 1 to 3% of the world population. Recently, the relation between psoriasis and different comorbidities, particularly metabolic syndrome, has become extremely relevant. Uveitis is characterized by a process of intraocular inflammation resulting from various causes. Considering psoriasis and uveitis as immune-mediated diseases, this study aims to evaluate the possible association of psoriasis and/or psoriatic arthritis with uveitis and its subtypes. Few studies have evaluated the association of uveitis and psoriasis without joint involvement. It seems that psoriasis without arthropathy is not a risk factor for the development of uveitis. Uveitis tends to develop more frequently in patients with arthropathy or pustular psoriasis than in patients with other forms of psoriasis. Ophthalmic examination should be performed periodically in patients with psoriasis and uveitis. If ophthalmopathy is diagnosed, the patient should receive adequate treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs or immunomodulators to prevent vision loss.

A queratose liquenoide crônica ou doença de Nekam é uma dermatose mucocutânea rara da queratinização, com curso crônico e progressivo, que acomete geralmente indivíduos entre 20 e 40 anos. Existem, aproximadamente, 70 casos descritos na literatura. Devido à raridade desta dermatose e à ausência de tratamento efetivo, é uma doença de difícil manejo. No caso em questão, apresentamos um paciente de 42 anos com pápulas violáceas, hiperqueratósicas, algumas confluentes, com aspecto linear, rendilhado e em placas, localizadas no tronco e membros há cinco anos. Lesões aftoides na cavidade oral e úlceras rasas na genitália também faziam parte do quadro. O anatomopatológico foi bastante sugestivo de queratose liquenoide crônica. Introduziu-se tratamento com acitretina e dapsona, havendo melhora parcial do quadro

Keratosis lichenoides chronica or Nekam's disease is a rare mucocutaneous dermatosis characterized by keratinization. It is chronic and progressive usually affecting individuals aged 20-40 years. Around 70 cases have been reported in the literature. Due to the rarity of this condition and the lack of effective treatment, it is a difficult disease to manage. In the case described below we present a 42-yearold patient with violaceous and hyperkeratotic papules in linear, reticular or plaque form, located on the trunk and limbs for five years. Aphthous lesions in the oral cavity and shallow ulcers on the genitalia also formed part of the clinical manifestation. Pathologic examination was suggestive of keratosis lichenoides chronica. Acitretin and dapsone was introduced and the lesions partially improved

A psoríase acomete 0,12% a 0,71% da população infantil, sendo que a forma eritrodérmica, grave e rara, ocorre em menos de 1,5% dos casos. Os antagonistas do Fator de Necrose Tumoral-α (TNFα) constituem nova classe de drogas, utilizada para tratamento da psoríase grave a moderada, refratária às terapias convencionais. O Etanercepte é uma proteína de fusão do receptor do TNF-α, aprovada pelo Food and Drug Administration para tratamento da artrite reumatoide juvenil no grupo infantil. Apresentamos um caso de criança com 7 anos de idade, com psoríase em placa desde 8 meses de vida, que evoluiu para eritrodermia refratária a ciclosporina e metotrexato, com excelente resposta ao etanercepte, sem feitos adversos

Psoriasis affects 0.12% to 0.71% of all children. Erythrodermic psoriasis is an uncommon but serious disorder, occurring in less than 1.5% of cases. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha blockers (TNF-α) are a new class of drugs used to treat moderate to severe psoriasis refractory to conventional therapies. Etanercept is a TNFα receptor fusion protein, approved by the FDA for treating juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. We present the case of a 7-year-old suffering from plaque psoriasis since 8 months old which evolved into erythroderma refractory to cyclosporine and methotrexate. Patient responded excellently to etanercept, with no adverse side effects

A psoríase pustulosa generalizada é tipo raro de psoríase descrita pela primeira vez, em 1910, por Von Zumbusch. A psoríase pustulosa generalizada na criança tende a ter um curso mais benigno que no adulto, entretanto, em sua forma grave, pode por em risco a vida do paciente. Talvez, pela raridade da doença, nenhuma opção terapêutica se mostrou consistentemente eficaz e segura até o momento. Relatos isolados sugerem ser o retinoide a droga de escolha nesses casos, porém trata-se de fármaco que, na primeira infância, traz mais dificuldades no manejo. Relata-se exemplo dessa rara doença em lactente, quadro extenso e grave, com resposta satisfatória ao uso de dapsona, com boa tolerabilidade.

Generalized pustulous psoriasis is a rare type of psoriasis first described in 1910 by Von Zumbusch. This disease tends to have a more benign development in children when compared to its development in adults. However, in its serious form it may represent a risk to the patient's life. Maybe, due to being such a rare disease no therapeutic option has so far consistently proved to be both effective and safe. Isolated reports suggest that retinoid is the best choice of drug in these cases. However, it is difficult to manage this drug in early infancy. The present report describes a serious case of this rare disease in an infant with a satisfactory response and good tolerance to the use of dapsone.

Estudos recentes demonstram uma relação entre obesidade e inflamação crônica, confirmada através da associação de níveis elevados de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-±), interleucina seis (IL-6) e proteína C reativa, com aumento do índice de massa corporal (IMC). O estado inflamatório, nos indivíduos obesos, poderia contribuir para o desenvolvimento ou agravamento da psoríase. Fenômenos análogos já foram descritos, em outras doenças inflamatórias crônicas, como a artrite reumatóide e doença de Chrön. Estudos epidemiológicos mostram uma prevalência elevada de comorbidades cardiovasculares, secundárias às alterações metabólicas, associadas à psoríase e obesidade. Permanecem ainda não elucidados alguns aspectos desta associação, como: o impacto da obesidade (nas formas clínicas da dermatose, na associação com comorbidades e na resposta ao tratamento).

Recent studies have found a relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation, confirmed by the association of high levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-_), interleukin six (IL-6,) and reactive C-protein with an increase in body mass index (BMI). In obese individuals, this inflammatory condition could contribute to the development or aggravation of psoriasis. Analogous phenomena have already been described in other inflammatory chronic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Epidemiological studies have identified a high prevalence of cardiovascular comorbidities, secondary to the metabolic alterations associated with psoriasis and obesity. A few aspects of this association remain unclear, such as the impact of obesity in the clinical forms of dermatoses, in the response to treatment, and its relationship with comorbidities.

O Acinetobacter baumanni é patógeno oportunista antigamente considerado de baixa virulência. Atualmente está envolvido em processos infecciosos que acometem pacientes imunocomprometidos,grandes queimados e pacientes em unidades de terapia intensiva que fazem uso de ventilação mecânica. Esse relato de caso chama atenção para infecção cutânea rara por essa bactéria em paciente imunocompetente.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an oportunistic pathogen that used to be considered as having low virulence; however, it is currently known to be involved in infectious processes in patients with immunosuppression, large burns and those under mechanical ventilation in intensive care units. This case report emphasizes the possibility of cutaneous infection by A. baumanni in immunocompetent patients.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is rarely reported in South America. In spite of the fact that there are many reports about the association of visceral leishmaniasis and AIDS, PKDL is very uncommon in HIV-positive patients, and so far only four cases have been documented in the literature. We present another case with unusual clinicopathological aspects. The patient, a 28-year-old male, from Salvador, Bahia (an endemic area) presented with clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis three years after the diagnosis of AIDS. During treatment for visceral leishmaniasis he developed disseminated miliary papules. Microscopically, the skin biopsy showed a "saw-tooth" pattern with a lichenoid mononuclear infiltrate simulating lichen planus. The histopathological diagnosis was achieved through the finding of amastigotes. The authors discuss the clinicopathological aspects of this case based on a review of the specific literature.

Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is rarely reported in South America. In spite of the fact that there are many reports about the association of visceral leishmaniasis and AIDS, PKDL is very uncommon in HIV-positive patients, and so far only four cases have been documented in the literature. We present another case with unusual clinicopathological aspects. The patient, a 28-year-old male, from Salvador, Bahia (an endemic area) presented with clinical manifestations of visceral leishmaniasis three years after the diagnosis of AIDS. During treatment for visceral leishmaniasis he developed disseminated miliary papules. Microscopically, the skin biopsy showed a "saw-tooth" pattern with a lichenoid mononuclear infiltrate simulating lichen planus. The histopathological diagnosis was achieved through the finding of amastigotes. The authors discuss the clinicopathological aspects of this case based on a review of the specific literature.

São descritos dois casos de Hanseníase combinados com granuloma elastolítico de células gigantes. Embora uma ocorrência concomitante não possa ser excluída, uma possível relação patogenética entre as duas condições é postulada. É possível que um mecanismo imunológico desempenhe um papel no processo elastolítico, que poderia também ser causado por dano actínico na pele alterada pela Hanseníase.

Two cases of leprosy combined with elastolytic giant cell granuloma are reported. Though a coincidental occurrence cannot be excluded, a possible pathogenetic relationship between the two conditions is postulated. It is possible that an immunological mechanism plays a role in the elastolytic process, which could also be caused by actinic damage in the skin altered by leprosy.

O presente relato descreve um caso de prototecose cutânea causada por Prototheca wickerhamii em uma mulher não imunodeprimida do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Este é o segundo caso descrito no Brasil. O exame dermatológico revelou placas eritematosas infiltradas na superfície flexora do braço e antebraço direitos. Os autores enfatizam os aspectos anatomopatológicos que podem levar a erro diagnóstico. A paciente foi tratada com sucesso com fluconazole.

The present report describes a case of cutaneous protothecosis caused by Prototheca wickerhamii in a non-immunocompromised female from the state of Bahia, Brazil. This is the second case described in Brazil. Dermatological examination revealed diffusely infiltrated erythematous plaques on the flexor aspect of the right arm and forearm. The authors emphasize the pathological aspects that can lead to misdiagnosis this condition. The patient was successfully treated with fluconazole.